You are ready to write and submit your paper to a prestigious journal in your field of study. After the first mention of a species name, the genus can be abbreviated to just the first letter but must still be italicized (e.g., C. For example, Canis lupus familiaris refers to the domesticated dog.
#Properly wrise vs full
In this case, you would italicize the full species names. Canis lupus refers to the gray wolf but there are 38 subspecies of Canis lupus. The general rule is to italicize each of these.įor example, the genus Canis encompasses the wolf, dog, jackal, and coyote. There are often several subspecies within a species. There are always several species within a genus. Homo is the genus and sapiens is the species.
The epithet, referred to as the “species,” is not initial capped but is also always italicized.įor example, humans are Homo sapiens. In your writing, the genus should always be initial capped and italicized. The system of “binomial nomenclature” was developed to identify a species using two names, genus and its epithet. Although many style guides state that Latin or other foreign terms need not be italicized after their first mention, species names are the exception. This is especially true in biology, ecology, and medicine. Scientific writing is somewhat unique because it often mentions species names. Related: Are you struggling to adhere to the preferred style of your target journal? Get help from ntive experts now! Latin Names If not, include a date range.Įxample: Anderson 2008, 200–300 passim. CMOS recommends avoiding this term if possible. It indicates that a reference is found in several places in the cited text. “ Passim” is not an abbreviation but is Latin for “here and there.” It indicates a reference that is in disagreement with the author’s statements.Įxample: Anderson 2008 cf. “cf.” is short for “ confero,” which means “to compare.” is the abbreviation idem, which means “the same person.” is the abbreviation of ibidem and means “in the same place ” id. They indicate that the subsequent reference(s) is from the same source. “Ibid” and “Id.” are used to save space by not repeating the citation. There are several abbreviations used specifically in references as follows: “c.v.” is short for curriculum vitae, meaning “course of life.” This term has replaced the term “resume.” You will at some point be asked for your “c.v.” when applying for jobs or funding. It is often also used to denote misspellings. “sic” is short for sic erat scriptum and is placed in brackets after quoted text to inform the reader that the text was quoted exactly as it was written. It is most often used in legal references but is also often used in scientific writing to compare results or statistical information.Įxample: In the case Doyle vs. “vs” or “v” is an abbreviation of the Latin “ versus,” which means anti, opposed to, or against. These are used with dates to indicate approximation.Įxample: Although not certain, the bones might date back to ca. “ca.” or “c.” is an abbreviation for “ circa,” which translated means “around.” “n.b.” is short for nota bene and means “note well.”Įxcept for use in legal papers, the term has been replaced by just the word “note.”Įxample: “Note the following information to help you decide.” An easy way to remember them is that “e.g.” begins with “e” and so does “example ” “i.e.” begins with “I” and so does “in.” ( hyperlink for EA article)Įxample: The family pet (i.e., the dog) ran around the house and chewed up everything left on the floor (e.g., shoes and toys). Many authors confuse “e.g.” and “i.e.” Be sure that you know the difference. “i.e.” is short for id est and means “in other words.” “e.g.” is short for exempli gratia and means “for example.” “etc.” is short for “ et cetera,” and means “and so forth” or “and others.”
#Properly wrise vs manual
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) and the American Psychological Association suggest that common abbreviations need not be italicized. In vivo, meaning “taking place inside a living organism.”īoth in vitro and in vivo are most often used in scientific writing.Įxample: The cancer cells were grown in vitro in a controlled environment. In vitro, meaning “taking place outside an organism.” In biology, this often describes a plant or animal in its native habitat.Įxample: The wolf was photographed in situ. In situ, meaning “in its original place.” (2016) provide more evidence on the hypothesis.
Note the period after “al.” In any writings, especially when using citations and references, “ et al.” is commonly used.Įxample: Rogers et al. Example: “The agreement was declared void ab initio.”
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